Tag Archives: TB

Root Cause Analysis

Nurse with tuberculosis potentially exposed over 1,000 –  including 350 infants

By Kim Smiley

A nurse recently diagnosed with active tuberculosis may have potentially exposed over 1,000 people. The nurse worked in the area near the newborn nursery so the potentially exposed individuals include 350 infants.  No additional tuberculosis cases have been reported at this time, but hospital officials are working to test all potentially exposed individuals and are offering preventative treatment to the exposed infants because they are at higher risk of dangerous complications from the disease.

This issue can be analyzed by building a Cause Map, a visual format for performing a root cause analysis.  Cause Mapping allows the causes that contribute to an issue to be better understood,  which can aid in the development of effective solutions.  The first step in Cause Mapping is to fill in an outline to capture the basic background information (who, what, when and where) for a problem.  Additionally, the outline has space on the bottom to list how the problem impacted the goals.   The second step in the process is to determine how the problem occurred by building the actual Cause Map by starting at one of the impacted goals and asking “why” questions to lay out all the causes that contributed to an issue.  The idea is to identify ALL the causes and not just one single “root cause” so that many different solutions are considered, not just the ones that impact a single cause.

So how did a nurse unintentionally expose 1,000 people to tuberculosis?  The nurse was unaware that she had tuberculosis.  She did not exhibit many of the common symptoms such as coughing and the disease was only identified after a chest x-ray that was done for an unrelated medical concern.  Additionally, she tested negative for tuberculosis in September during an annual checkup so there was no reason to believe that she was at risk of spreading tuberculosis.

No specific information has been released about why the nurse in this particular example tested negative for tuberculosis at the time of her screening, but there are a number of factors that can affect the accuracy of testing.  If the tuberculosis infection is recent (within 8-10 weeks) the test may not catch it; recent live-virus vaccination can affect results as can some viral illnesses.  And of course, incorrect test administration or misinterpretation of the results could also cause a false negative test result.

The final step in the Cause Mapping process is to develop solutions that address the specific problem at hand and hopefully prevent a reoccurrence of the issue.  The nurse has been put on leave until the risk of spreading the illness has passed to prevent more people from being exposed.  The risk of infection from this particular individual is believed to be low because she wasn’t coughing, which can spread the illness, but hospital officials are identifying and testing all potentially exposed individuals.  Additionally, the 350 potentially exposed infants are being offered treatment to prevent tuberculosis because the health risks to them are more severe than older children and adults (tuberculosis can enter the bloodstream and infect other organs).

The good news about this case is that no additional cases of tuberculosis have been found and the overall risk of the infection spreading is believed to be low because of the mild symptoms experienced by the nurse.  The bad news is that it will continue to be difficult to identify a case of tuberculosis if the individual involved has mild or no obvious symptoms and gets a false negative on a tuberculosis test.

A similar case occurred in Texas in 2014, where another healthcare worker who worked around infants was found to have active tuberculosis.  Click here to see that example.

Root Cause

Healthcare Worker with Active TB May Have Infected Infants

By ThinkReliability Staff

A healthcare worker may have exposed more than 751 infants and 55 coworkers to tuberculosis (TB), a potentially deadly disease, during the 11.5 months she worked with newborns in the nursery and post-partum unit.  The employee was found to have symptoms of active TB (the only kind that is contagious) in July 2014 and was tested on August 21, 2014.  Infants and coworkers who were in those units between September 1, 2013 and August 16, 2014 are potentially affected.

The impacts of the potential exposure are significant.  The goal of ensuring patient safety has been impacted because of the potential exposure of 751 infants (so far identified).  Additionally, the goal of ensuring employee safety has also been impacted as 55 coworkers are also potentially impacted (those already screened have not shown any signs of infectious tuberculosis).  Because of the close contact required to spread TB, the issue has not been identified as a public health threat.  Regulatory agencies are still interested – the hospital has been cited by the Department of State Health Services for issues relating at least in part to infection control that are “an immediate jeopardy to patient safety”.  (It wasn’t clear how or if these issues are directly related to the TB exposure but were found in an inspection that occurred as a result of it.) All the patients who have been exposed may potentially require a course of antibiotics, typically six to nine months.  Infants under six months are being given the course as a preventive measure.  This impacts the patient services goal.  All the screening and treatment is being provided by the hospital free of charge, which is an impact to the hospital’s labor and time goal.

Developing the cause-and-effect relationships that led to the goals that were impacted can provide clarity to the investigation and potential solutions.  Exposure to TB occurred when an employee with an active infection came to work and was potentially aided by the hospital’s infection control policies or procedures, which may not have been effective in preventing the spread of the disease.  It’s unclear how the employee contracted tuberculosis, but she was likely not vaccinated. Although a vaccine against tuberculosis exists, it’s rarely used in US.

A question raised by this issue is why the long period of time during which there was a potential exposure?  Tuberculosis can remain latent in the body for months or even years before turning into an active case.  (It is only contagious when active.)  The employee appears to have passed a routine annual health screening in July 2013 and started showing symptoms at or near her next annual health screening in July 2014.  However, she was not tested for the disease until August 21st and appears to have continued work until August 16th.  It’s unclear why the delay occurred, and the hospital will surely be looking to ways to minimize patient exposure to workers who may be sick.

The hospital is working with the Texas Department of State Health Services and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to screen and treat patients and other healthcare workers that came into contact with the infected worker based on employment and medical records in an extensive outreach campaign.  The employee has been placed on leave and is being treated.  The hospital is required to submit a corrective action plan to the Texas Department of State Health Services, which should identify corrective actions to issues raised as a result of the state’s inspection and by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services.

To view the impacted goals, cause-and-effect relationships and potential solutions in a Cause Map, or visual root cause analysis, please click “Download PDF” above.  Or, click here to learn more.